Electrical Information

: What Is a Current Source? Characteristics, Symbols, and Internal Resistance
2026/10/6
When studying electric circuits, you may come across the term “current source.” A current source supplies current to a circuit. However, ideal and practical current sources differ in how their output current behaves when a load is connected. For example, an ideal current source maintains a constant output current even when the load resistance \(R\) changes. In contrast, when a practical current source is modeled using an equivalent circuit with internal resistance, its output current decreases as the load resistance increases. This article explains the following topics about current sources: What Is a Current Source? Load Current When the Current ...

: What Is a Voltage Source? Characteristics, Symbols, and Internal Resistance
2026/10/6
When studying electric circuits, you may come across the term voltage source. A voltage source supplies voltage to a circuit. However, ideal and real voltage sources behave differently when a load is connected. For example, an ideal voltage source maintains a constant output voltage even when the load resistance \(R\) changes. A real voltage source has internal resistance, so its output voltage decreases as the load current increases. This article uses diagrams to explain the following topics: What a voltage source is Voltage across the load when the source’s internal resistance \(r\) is zero Voltage across the load when the ...

: [Pulse Wave] RMS Value and Average Value
2023/8/28
Regarding the Pulse Wave: This article will explain the information below. How to obtain RMS Value and Average Value RMS Value and Average Value of Pulse Wave The first illustration shows the root mean square (RMS) value and average value of a pulse wave (with a maximum value of \(V_M\) and a period of \(T\)). Now, let's explain how each of these values are calculated (we strive to include as many intermediate steps as possible). Waveform of a Pulse Wave To find the root mean square (RMS) value and average value of a pulse wave, we first need to express ...

: [Half-Wave Rectified Sine-Wave] RMS Value, Average Value, Form Factor, and Crest Factor
2023/8/28
Regarding the Half-Wave Rectified Sine-Wave: This article will explain the information below. How to obtain RMS Value, Average Value, Form Factor, and Crest Factor RMS Value, Average Value, Form Factor, and Crest Factor of Half-Wave Rectified Sine-Wave The first illustration shows the root mean square (RMS) value, average value, form factor, and crest factor of a half-wave rectified sine-wave (with a maximum value of \(V_M\) and a period of \(T\)). Now, let's explain how each of these values are calculated (we strive to include as many intermediate steps as possible). Supplement A half-wave rectified sine-wave is a waveform in which ...

: [Full-Wave Rectified Sine-Wave] RMS Value, Average Value, Form Factor, and Crest Factor
2023/8/28
Regarding the Full-Wave Rectified Sine-Wave: This article will explain the information below. How to obtain RMS Value, Average Value, Form Factor, and Crest Factor RMS Value, Average Value, Form Factor, and Crest Factor of Full-Wave Rectified Sine-Wave The first illustration shows the root mean square (RMS) value, average value, form factor, and crest factor of a full-wave rectified sine-wave (with a maximum value of \(V_M\) and a period of \(T\)). Now, let's explain how each of these values are calculated (we strive to include as many intermediate steps as possible). Supplement A full-wave rectified sine-wave is a waveform where half ...

: Difference between "Average Value" and "RMS Value"
2023/6/26
This article will explain the differences between "Average Value" and "RMS Value". Difference between "Average Value" and "RMS Value" First, let's briefly explain the difference between "Average Value" and "RMS Value" (we will explain each in detail later). Taking the sine wave \(v=V_M\sin{{\omega}t}\) as an example: Average Value The average value is what you get when you replace "negative" values with "positive" ones and take the average. In other words, the average value, \(V_{AVE}\), is the average of the absolute value \(|v|\) of the sine wave \(v\). For example, in the case of the above figure, the average value \(V_{AVE}\) ...

: [Sine Wave] RMS Value, Average Value, Form Factor, and Crest Factor
2023/6/23
Regarding the Sine Wave: This article will explain the information below. How to obtain RMS Value, Average Value, Form Factor, and Crest Factor RMS Value, Average Value, Form Factor, and Crest Factor of Sine Wave The first illustration shows the root mean square (RMS) value, average value, form factor, and crest factor of a sine wave (with a maximum value of \(V_M\) and a period of \(T\)). Now, let's explain how each of these values are calculated (we strive to include as many intermediate steps as possible). Waveform of a Sine Wave To find the root mean square (RMS) value ...

: Types of IC Packages
2023/3/26
There are way too many different types of semiconductor (IC or transistor) packages. For example, SOP, QFN and BGA are some of the package names, but it is very difficult to understand which package represents which shape. Therefore, in this article, we have summarized the types and characteristics of each package in an easy-to-understand manner using diagrams. We hope you will find it helpful. List of IC Package Types The figure above shows the classification of packages. Packages can be broadly classified according to the following aspects. Difference in mounting method Whether the mounting method is "insertion mounting" or "surface ...

: What is Transistor Outline (TO)?
2023/3/25
There are various types of semiconductor and IC packages, such as Transistor Outline (TO) and Small Outline Transistor (SOT). In addition, there are various types of Transistor Outline (TO). An example is shown below. TO-92: Used for low-power transistors, etc. TO-220: Used for components with relatively high heat dissipation TO-247: Even larger than TO-220 TO-3: A package used in the early days of power transistors, similar in shape to a hat. In this article, we have tried to explain "Transistor Outline (TO) Definition" and "Types and Features of Transistor Outline (TO)" in an easy-to-understand manner using diagrams. We hope you ...

: What is Small Outline Diode (SOD)?
2023/3/25
There are various types of semiconductor and IC packages, such as Small Outline Diode (SOD) and Small Outline Transistor (SOT). Regarding the "Small Outline Diode (SOD)", this article will explain the information below. Small Outline Diode (SOD) Definition Types of Small Outline Diode (SOD) Small Outline Diode (SOD) Definition SOD stands for "Small Outline Diode". SOD is the name of the package for surface mounting of diodes. There are various types of Small Outline Diode (SOD) such as "SOD-123", "SOD-323F", and "SOD-523" depending on the package size and lead shape. In addition, there are various names for the same package ...